History
has a lot of lessons, but a primary one is that every incident or eventuality
creates unintended and often unexpected opportunities.
The
advent of the European slave trade was just one example.
The
Europeans were late comers to the slave trade, trailing the Arabs’ Zanzibar
trade by a few Centuries.
Short
shrift is often given to the fact that the initial European slave trade involved the
Irish and was part of Cromwell’s attempted and nearly successful extermination
of that race.
Throughout
the 17th Century, Ireland saw its population drop from 1.6 million
to under 500,000 as England’s war against the Irish proceeded. Not disposed to
pass up an opportunity, Cromwell’s forces saw the legions of homeless Irish,
many of them women and children dispossessed in the wake of their husband’s and
father’s death, were scooped up and shipped to the America’s as slaves NOT “indentured
servants.”
Until
the early 1700s there were far more Irish slaves in the America’s than there
were Africans.
Debtors
and others found in the workhouses were often plied with drink to get them to
sign on to work on-board slave ships.
Large
crews were necessary on the voyage to the Americas to reduce the possibility of
any slave revolt, but few were needed on the return trip when the ships were laden
with tobacco, sugar and other crops.
The
slave-ship seamen’s lives were brutal and often short, as well.
While
about 12% of the slaves died in passage from Africa to “The New World,” fully
21% of the crews did, as well. Many more of them were often left stranded
penniless in the Americas when the ships returned to Europe. Many of those
starved to death, since there was no work available in such slave-based
economies.
The
Captains of these ships were supreme rulers, in effect, “gods” to their men...their
word was law.
Many
delighted in inflicting brutal punishments on their crews, often keel-hauling
(pulling a man’s body from stem to stern along the bottom of the ship by means
of a rope and pulleys) or fastening iron bolts into the mouths of those who
complained “too much.”
As
luck would have it, this created a fertile opportunity for the new breed of
pirates, who’d moved from the ranks of “official Privateers,” under the aegis
of various governments, to independent “enemies of all mankind.”
These
independent pirates constantly needed an infusion of manpower, given the
violent and often short-lived nature of their work. Slave ships became a
favorite target of pirates for exactly that reason – to “recruit” their crews.
Often
the crews of such ships were more than happy to see their officers punished and
often pirates would put such officers “on trial” before their crews.
Most
crew members saw a much better chance of survival aboard a pirate ship than
with the slave-ships they worked on, making them more than willing recruits.
That’s
how Bart Roberts (the most successful pirate in history, pictured above) was recruited into
piracy. He was a reluctant 3rd Officer on a slave-ship attacked by
the pirate Howell Davis’ crew.
They
found themselves in need of a navigator and Roberts could read maps and
navigate so his skill-set was valuable to the pirates.
When
Captain Davis was killed in a battle a short while later, the crew appealed to
the reluctant Roberts, a non-drinker and one who did not delight in the
violence he’d been immersed in and he accepted.
Throughout
the 18th Century the slave trade fueled the growing pirate menace
until the Caribbean became an untenable pirates cove, from which neither
American nor European ships were safe.
In
that regard, the rise of independent piracy is a testament to unintended
consequences and expanding variability.